Learn about Intellectual Disability (ID), formerly called mental retardation. Understand its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and practical advice for parents supporting children with ID.
What is Intellectual Disability?
Intellectual Disability (ID), previously referred to as mental retardation, is a condition characterized by below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in adaptive behavior. These limitations affect everyday life, including learning, communication, and social skills.
A diagnosis of ID typically requires:
An IQ below 70
Significant difficulties in everyday functioning.
It is important to note that having a low IQ score alone does not automatically mean a person has ID. The condition must also include challenges in daily living skills and social adaptation.
Causes of Intellectual Disability
Intellectual Disability develops in childhood and can result from various biological, environmental, or unknown factors. Common causes include:
Genetic conditions: Down Syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome increase risk.
Pregnancy complications: Exposure to drugs, alcohol, or improper fetal development.
Illness or infections: High fevers, measles, or meningitis in early childhood can damage brain development.
Unknown factors: In nearly half of all cases, the exact cause is not identified.
Signs and symptoms
Children with ID may show developmental delays or difficulties such as:
Sitting, crawling, or walking later than peers
Learning to talk later or having trouble speaking
Difficulty understanding social rules
Struggles with logical thinking and problem-solving
Trouble seeing the consequences of actions
How is Intellectual Disability diagnosed?
Diagnosis requires both:
Significantly low IQ score (usually below 70), and
Challenges in adaptive functioning (such as self-care, social skills, and daily activities).
About IQ Testing:
Average IQ: around 100
Children with ID: usually score between 55–70 or lower
Testing can typically be done from ages 4–6, though full diagnosis may take longer
Lời khuyên dành cho cha mẹ
Don’t give up: With proper support, many children with ID can learn new skills and live independently as adults.
Focus on abilities: Encourage development in areas where your child shows interest and potential.
Provide structure: Consistent routines and positive reinforcement help children thrive.
Seek professional guidance: Therapists, educators, and support groups can provide strategies tailored to your child’s needs.
